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The Royal Scots Navy (or Old Scots Navy) was the navy of the Kingdom of Scotland from its origins in the Middle Ages until its merger with the Kingdom of England's Royal Navy per the Acts of Union 1707. There are mentions in Medieval records of fleets commanded by Scottish kings in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Robert I developed naval power to counter the English in the Wars of Independence and after the establishment of Scottish independence continued to build up naval capacity. In the late fourteenth century naval warfare with England was conducted largely by hired Scots, Flemish and French merchantmen and privateers. James I took a greater interest in naval power establishing a shipbuilding yard at Leith and probably created the office of Lord High Admiral. James IV put the enterprise on a new footing, founding a harbour at Newhaven and a dockyard at the Pools of Airth. He acquired a total of 38 ships including the ''Great Michael'', at that time, the largest ship in Europe. Scottish ships had some success against privateers, accompanied the king on his expeditions in the islands and intervened in conflicts in Scandinavia and the Baltic, but were sold after the Flodden campaign. Thereafter Scottish naval efforts would rely on privateering captains and hired merchantmen. Despite truces between England and Scotland there were periodic outbreaks of a ''guerre de course''. James V built a new harbour at Burntisland in 1542. The chief use of naval power in his reign were a series of expeditions to the Isles and France. The Union of Crowns in 1603 ended conflict with England, but involvement in England's foreign policy opened up Scottish shipping to attack. In 1626 a squadron of three ships were bought and equipped for protection and there were several marque fleets of privateers. In 1627, the Royal Scots Navy and privateers participated in the major expedition to Biscay. The Scots also returned to the West Indies and in 1629 took part in the capture of Quebec. After the Bishop's Wars and the alliance with Parliament in the English Civil War, a "Scotch Guard" was established on the coast of Scotland of largely English ships, but with Scottish revenues and men, gradually becoming a more Scottish force. The Scottish naval forces were unable to resist the Cromwellian navy and when Scotland became part of the Commonwealth in 1653 they were absorbed into the Commonwealth navy. After the Restoration Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary impressment, but a fixed quota of conscripts for the Royal Navy was levied from the sea-coast burghs. Royal Navy patrols were now found in Scottish waters even in peacetime. In the Second (1665–67) and Third Anglo-Dutch Wars (1672–74) between 80 and 120 captains, took Scottish letters of marque and privateers played a major part in the naval conflict. In the 1690s a small feet of five ships was established by merchants for the Darien Scheme, and a professional navy of three warships was established to protect local shipping in 1696. After the Act of Union in 1707, these vessels and their crews were transferred to the Royal Navy. ==Origins== By the late Middle Ages the kingdom of Scotland participated in two related maritime traditions. In the West was the tradition of galley warfare that had its origins in the Viking thalassocracies (sea-based lordships) of the Highlands and Islands and which stretched back before that to the sea power of Dál Riata that had spanned the Irish Sea. In the east it participated in the common northern European naval tradition that became based around sail.〔N. A. M. Rodger, ''The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660-1649'' (London: Penguin, 2004), ISBN 0140297243, pp. 166-7.〕 The key to the Viking success was the long-ship, a long, narrow, light, wooden boat with a shallow draft hull designed for speed. This shallow draft allowed navigation in waters only deep and permitted beach landings, while its light weight enabled it to be carried over portages. Longships were also double-ended, the symmetrical bow and stern allowing the ship to reverse direction quickly without having to turn around.〔("Skuldelev 2 – The great longship" ), Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, retrieved 25 February 2012.〕〔N. A. M. Rodger, ''The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain. Volume One 660-1649'' (London: Harper, 1997) pp. 13-14.〕 The longship was gradually succeeded by (in ascending order of size) the birlinn, highland galley and lymphad,〔S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513-1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), ISBN 90-04-18568-2, pp. 2-3.〕 which, were clinker-built ships, usually with a centrally-stepped mast, but also with oars that allowed them to be rowed. Like the longship, they had a high stem and stern, and were still small and light enough to be dragged across portages, but they replaced the steering-board with a stern-rudder from the late twelfth century.〔("Highland Galleys" ) Mallaig Heritage Centre, retrieved 25 February 2012.〕 The major naval power in the Highlands and Islands were the MacDonald Lord of the Isles, who acted as largely independent kings and could raise large fleets for use even against their nominal overlord the King of Scots. They succeeded in playing off the king of Scotland against the kings of Norway and, after 1266, the king of England.〔 There are mentions in Medieval records of fleets commanded by Scottish kings including William the Lion〔P. F. Tytler, ''History of Scotland, Volume 2'' (London: Black, 1829), pp. 309-10.〕 and Alexander II. The latter took personal command of a large naval force which sailed from the Firth of Clyde and anchored off the island of Kerrera in 1249, intended to transport his army in a campaign against the Kingdom of the Isles, but he died before the campaign could begin.〔J. Hunter, ''Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland'' (London: Random House, 2011), ISBN 1-78057-006-6, pp. 106–111.〕〔A. Macquarrie, ''Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation'' (Thrupp: Sutton, 2004), ISBN 0-7509-2977-4, p. 147.〕 Viking naval power was disrupted by conflicts between the Scandinavian kingdoms, but entered a period of resurgence in the thirteenth century when Norwegian kings began to build some of the largest ships seen in Northern European waters. These included king Hakon Hakonsson's ''Kristsúðin'', built at Bergen from 1262-3, which was long, of 37 rooms.〔N. A. M. Rodger, ''The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660-1649'' (London: Penguin UK, 2004), ISBN 0-14-191257-X, pp. 74-5.〕 In 1263 Hakon responded to Alexander III's designs on the Hebrides by personally leading a major fleet of forty vessels, including the ''Kristsúðin'', to the islands, where they were swelled by local allies to as many as 200 ships.〔P. J. Potter, ''Gothic Kings of Britain: the Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016-1399'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008), ISBN 0-7864-4038-4, p. 157.〕 Records indicate that Alexander had several large oared ships built at Ayr, but he avoided a sea battle.〔 Defeat on land at the Battle of Largs and winter storms forced the Norwegian fleet to return home, leaving the Scottish crown as the major power in the region and leading to the ceding of the Western Isles to Alexander in 1266.〔A. Macquarrie, ''Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation'' (Thrupp: Sutton, 2004), ISBN 0-7509-2977-4, p. 153.〕 English naval power was vital to Edward I's successful campaigns in Scotland from 1296, using largely merchant ships from England, Ireland and his allies in the Islands to transport and supply his armies.〔N. A. M. Rodger, ''The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain. Volume One 660-1649'' (London: Harper, 1997) pp. 74-90.〕 Part of the reason for Robert I's success was his ability to call on naval forces from the Islands. As a result of the expulsion of the Flemings from England in 1303, he gained the support of a major naval power in the North Sea.〔 The development of naval power allowed Robert to successfully defeat English attempts to capture him in the Highlands and Islands and to blockade major English controlled fortresses at Perth and Stirling, the last forcing Edward II to attempt the relief that resulted at English defeat at Bannockburn in 1314.〔 Scottish naval forces allowed invasions of the Isle of Man in 1313 and 1317 and Ireland in 1315. They were also crucial in the blockade of Berwick, which led to its fall in 1318.〔 After the establishment of Scottish independence, Robert I turned his attention to building up a Scottish naval capacity. This was largely focused on the west coast, with the Exchequer Rolls of 1326 recording the feudal duties of his vassals in that region to aid him with their vessels and crews. Towards the end of his reign he supervised the building of at least one royal man-of-war near his palace at Cardross on the River Clyde. In the late fourteenth century naval warfare with England was conducted largely by hired Scots, Flemish and French merchantmen and privateers.〔J. Grant, "The Old Scots Navy from 1689 to 1710", ''Publications of the Navy Records Society'', 44 (London: Navy Records Society, 1913-4), pp. i-xii.〕 James I (r. 1406–37) took a greater interest in naval power. After his return to Scotland in 1424, he established a shipbuilding yard at Leith, a house for marine stores, and a workshop. King's ships were built and equipped there to be used for trade as well as war, one of which accompanied him on his expedition to the Islands in 1429. The office of Lord High Admiral was probably founded in this period.〔 It would soon become a hereditary office, in the control of the Earls of Bothwell in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the Earls of Lennox in the seventeenth century.〔S. Murdoch, ''The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513-1713'' (Leiden: Brill, 2010), ISBN 90-04-18568-2, p. 10.〕 James II (r. 1430–60) is known to have purchased a caravel by 1449.〔 Around 1476 the Scottish merchant John Barton received letters of marque that allowed him to gain compensation for the capture of his vessels by the Portuguese by capturing ships under their colours. These letters would be repeated to his three sons John, Andrew and Robert, who would play a major part in the Scottish naval effort into the sixteenth century.〔E. P. Statham, ''Privateers and Privateering'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011), ISBN 110802629X, pp. 19-20.〕 In his struggles with his nobles in 1488 James III (r. 1451–88) received assistance from his two warships the ''Flower'' and the ''King's Carvel'' also known as the ''Yellow Carvel'', commanded by Andrew Wood of Largo.〔 After the king's death Wood served his son James IV (r. 1488-1513), defeating an English incursion into the Forth by five English ships in 1489 and three more heavily armed English ships off the mouth of the River Tay the next year.〔N. Tranter, (''The Story of Scotland'' ) (Neil Wilson, 2012), ISBN 1906476683.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Royal Scots Navy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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